Viola chamissoniana subsp. chamissoniana

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Violaceae Genus: Viola

‘olopū, pāmakani

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Branched shrubs.

Stems: Stems rooting along lower part when decumbent, glabrous or pubescent.

Roots: Taprooted.

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate, usually clustered toward upper part of branch. Blades deltate–ovate to deltate–cordate or rarely cordate, 2–4 cm long, (2–)2.5–9 cm wide. Apex long-acuminate or acuminate. Base rounded to broadly cuneate. Surfaces glabrous or lower surfaces pubescent. Margins dentate–serrate. Petioles (0.6)–1 cm long. Stipules asymmetrically broadly deltate or deltate, 5–16 mm long, 2–7 mm wide, remotely glandular–toothed and somewhat irregularly lacerate near apex, rarely further down along margins.

Flowers: Flowers 1–2 per peduncle, axillary on stems and lateral branches, peduncles 8–60 mm long, pedicels 20–70 mm long. Flowers bisexual (perfect); apparently all chasmogamous. Calyx of 5 sepals, subequal, linear–lanceolate, glabrous or pubescent, imbricate, margins ± ciliate, upper sepal ca. 5–8 mm long, lateral ones ca. 5.5–9 mm long, lower ones ca. 5–8 mm long. Corolla zygomorphic, consisting of 5 distinct petals, these unequal, lateral ones smaller than upper pair, petals white tinged purple, especially toward base, lower surface usually tinged darker purple, obliquely spatulate, ± ciliate toward base, upper petals 10–21 mm long, lateral ones 10.5–23 mm long, lower one 11.3–22.5 mm long, saccate at base. Stamens 5, 4.2–4.5 mm long, connective of lower ones prolonged into a nose–shaped or straight, broadly rectangular-cuneate structure ca. 1–2.5 mm long; staminal filaments coherent around ovary; anther connective of lower Stamens prolonged into an appendage, dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 3-carpellate, 1-celled, placentation parietal; ovules numerous per placenta, anatropous; style 1.

Fruit: Capsules with loculicidal dehiscence; (10–)12–17(–20) mm long; elastically dehiscent by rigid keels and thin valve walls. Seeds numerous; dark brown to nearly black; obovoid; 1.8–2.3 mm long; seed coat somewhat leathery; dull; apex rounded; with fleshy; oily endosperm.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Mesic to wet forest.

Elevation Range: 330–1,890 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

O'ahu Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1333 (O)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Viola chamissoniana subsp. chamissoniana Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Exposed rocky ledges & cliffs near top Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 20753 Oahu BISH 1950-08-20
2 Viola chamissoniana subsp. chamissoniana Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Very steep, grassy cliff, exposed to sun & wind. Soil type: Humic latosol (diagnosed by Dr. G. D. Sherman). With Artemisia Preserved_Specimen Hatheway, W.H. 178 Oahu BISH 1950-08-19
3 Viola chamissoniana subsp. chamissoniana Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Exposed slope with low cover Bidens, Ohia, Lipochaeta tenuis, Styphelia Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 4897 Oahu BISH 1986-07-27
4 Viola chamissoniana subsp. chamissoniana Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Exposed slope with low cover Bidens, Ohia, Lipochaeta tenuis, Styphelia Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 4897 Oahu BISH 1986-07-27
5 Viola chamissoniana subsp. chamissoniana Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1908-01-01
6 Viola chamissoniana subsp. chamissoniana Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Exposed rock & low cover with Bidens, Artemisia, with Erigeron weeds Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 4934 Oahu BISH 1986-08-07
7 Viola chamissoniana subsp. chamissoniana Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Oahu BISH
8 Viola chamissoniana subsp. chamissoniana Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen von Chamisso, L.A. Oahu BISH 1816-01-01
9 Viola chamissoniana subsp. chamissoniana Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Oahu BISH
10 Viola chamissoniana subsp. chamissoniana Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen von Chamisso, L.A. Oahu BISH 1817-01-01
11 Viola chamissoniana subsp. chamissoniana Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1908-01-01
12 Viola chamissoniana subsp. chamissoniana Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Oahu BISH
13 Viola chamissoniana subsp. chamissoniana Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Oahu BISH